In 2026, a practical planning range for building a house in Arizona is about $200 to $300 per square foot for a basic builder-grade home and $300 to $550+ per square foot for a custom home, excluding land and site preparation. For a 2,000-square-foot home, that works out to roughly $400,000 to $600,000 for builder-grade construction or $600,000 to $1.1 million+ for custom construction before land and major site work. These are planning benchmarks, not bids; published estimates vary because sources include different cost items. HomeGuide’s Arizona cost guide is the source for these 2026 planning ranges.

Your all-in budget can be much higher after adding the lot, grading or excavation, utility extensions, architectural and engineering work, permits and impact fees, landscaping, financing costs, and a contingency reserve. Phoenix, Scottsdale, Tucson, Prescott, Flagstaff, and rural Arizona can produce very different totals because labor supply, lot conditions, local codes, and utility access differ by jurisdiction.

A safer way to estimate is to separate the project into five buckets: base construction + land + site preparation and utilities + soft costs + contingency. Get itemized quotes for each bucket instead of relying on one statewide price-per-square-foot number.

Last updated: August 11, 2026. Cost ranges and permitting guidance were refreshed using current Arizona and national sources.

Arizona House-Building Cost Snapshot

Budget Item	2026 Planning Benchmark	What It Usually Excludes
Builder-grade construction	$200-$300 per sq. ft.	Land and major site preparation
Custom construction	$300-$550+ per sq. ft.	Land and major site preparation
2,000 sq. ft. builder-grade home	$400,000-$600,000	Land and major site preparation
2,000 sq. ft. custom home	$600,000-$1.1 million+	Land and major site preparation
Contingency reserve	10%-15% of the working construction budget	Separate financing reserve may still be needed

Cost to Build a House in Arizona by Size

The table below applies the same 2026 Arizona planning ranges to common home sizes. It excludes land and major site preparation, so use it to compare house size and finish level—not to predict the final all-in project price.

Home Size	Builder-Grade Construction	Custom Construction
1,000 sq. ft.	$200,000-$300,000	$300,000-$550,000
1,500 sq. ft.	$300,000-$450,000	$450,000-$825,000
2,000 sq. ft.	$400,000-$600,000	$600,000-$1.1 million
2,500 sq. ft.	$500,000-$750,000	$750,000-$1.375 million
3,000 sq. ft.	$600,000-$900,000	$900,000-$1.65 million

What Changes the Cost to Build a House in Arizona?

The biggest Arizona cost drivers are the lot, finish level, house shape, site conditions, utility access, and local permitting requirements. A simple home on a flat serviced lot can cost far less than a custom house on a hillside or rural parcel that needs extensive grading, utility extensions, or specialized foundation work.

Climate Considerations

Arizona spans hot desert, high desert, and mountain climates, so one statewide specification does not fit every project. Cooling load, insulation, roof design, drainage, wildfire exposure, freeze conditions at elevation, and solar orientation can all change the design and budget. Confirm the code edition and energy requirements with the city or county that will issue your permit.

• Solar: Evaluate roof orientation, shading, utility rates, incentives, and financing before assuming a solar system will lower total ownership cost.
• Heat control: Insulation, air sealing, glazing, shading, and reflective roof choices can reduce heat gain when they are designed as a complete building envelope.
• Water-efficient fixtures and landscaping can reduce long-term water demand.

Regulatory Landscape

In Arizona, building a house means navigating local regulations. Policies vary by city and county, influencing permits, inspections, and fees. These requirements safeguard quality and safety, reflected in your budget planning.

Jurisdiction Factor	What Can Change	Budget Effect
City or county	Adopted code editions, plan review process, inspections, permit fees	Soft costs and approval time vary by jurisdiction
Growth or impact-fee area	Infrastructure impact fees may apply in addition to building-permit charges	Can add material upfront fees
Hillside, drainage, or special site	Extra grading, drainage, geotechnical, or design review may be required	Raises engineering, site-work, and review costs
Rural or unserved parcel	Well, septic, power extension, propane, access road, or fire-access work may be needed	Utility and site costs can outweigh any land-price savings

Start with the permitting office for the exact parcel. For example, the City of Phoenix residential process requires plan review for new homes, while separate fee schedules and impact-fee rules can apply. This is why a generic statewide permit allowance is unreliable.

Land, Site Work, Permits, and Fees

Before construction starts, separate the cost of the structure from the cost of making the lot buildable. Land, surveying, grading, drainage, utility access, plans, engineering, permits, and impact fees can sit outside a builder’s advertised per-square-foot number.

Land Acquisition

Land prices vary dramatically across Arizona. A low purchase price does not always mean a low build cost: a remote parcel may need a long power extension, private water or septic, access improvements, or expensive excavation. Evaluate the lot and the utility plan before comparing land prices.

• Location: Compare recent lot sales in the exact submarket instead of assuming all urban or rural parcels follow one price pattern.
• Size: Acreage affects purchase price, but buildable area, setbacks, easements, topography, and utility access matter just as much.
• Access and utilities: Existing roads and nearby services may raise the land price but can reduce later site-development costs.

For a rough market benchmark, HomeGuide reports rural Arizona land at roughly $3,000 to $15,000 per acre, smaller lots in established neighborhoods around $75,000 to $300,000, and premium locations that can exceed $500,000. These are broad planning figures, not parcel valuations; use recent comparable sales for the exact area.

Lot Type	Main Cost Question
Served urban/suburban lot	Are water, sewer, power, gas, curb, and street improvements already at the lot?
Hillside or rocky lot	Will grading, retaining walls, drainage, or engineered foundation work be required?
Rural lot	What will well/septic, power extension, road access, and fire access cost?

Permits And Fees

New-home permits and reviews are handled locally, so there is no dependable statewide permit total. Your jurisdiction may charge separately for plan review, building permits, grading or drainage, utilities, and infrastructure impact fees.

1. Building permit – Required to start construction, prices vary by city.
2. Impact fee – This supports public services affected by the new construction.
3. Plan review fee – A charge for the evaluation of your house plans.
4. Inspection fee – Paid for required building inspections during construction.

Use the current fee schedule for the exact parcel instead of a statewide allowance. Phoenix, for example, publishes a 2026 development fee schedule and separate single-family impact-fee estimates. Ask the permitting office for a written fee estimate before finalizing the construction budget.

How Design Choices Affect Arizona Building Costs

Design choices affect both the direct construction cost and the amount of professional work required before permits can be issued. A compact rectangular plan with standard spans is usually easier to price than a house with complex rooflines, large glass openings, cantilevers, courtyards, or extensive indoor-outdoor transitions.

Set the target square footage, finish level, and maximum all-in budget before design development. Otherwise, attractive design decisions can push the plans beyond the amount you can actually finance or build.

Architectural Styles

Architectural style affects cost mainly through the details it requires: roof geometry, wall assemblies, window area, structural spans, finish materials, and specialty labor. In Arizona, Spanish Colonial, Pueblo Revival, Ranch, and Contemporary homes can all be economical or expensive depending on how complex the design becomes.

• Spanish Colonial: Stucco, tile roofing, arches, courtyards, and decorative details can add labor and material cost.
• Pueblo Revival: Thick-looking wall forms, parapets, vigas, and specialty finishes can require more detailing than a simple production plan.
• Ranch: A simple one-story layout can be straightforward to build, but a large footprint can increase foundation and roofing area.
• Contemporary: Large glass openings, long spans, flat or low-slope roofs, and minimal detailing tolerances can raise structural and finish costs.

Hiring Design Professionals

The expertise of design professionals turns your vision into a feasible plan. It’s essential to factor in these costs early in your project.

Professional	Typical Role	How to Budget
Architect or residential designer	Plans, design development, coordination, permit documents	Get a written proposal showing scope, revisions, and whether engineering is included
Structural/civil/geotechnical engineer	Structure, grading, drainage, soils, or site-specific engineering when required	Budget as separate soft-cost line items unless included in the design contract
Interior designer	Finish selections, cabinetry, lighting, fixtures, space planning	Clarify hourly, flat-fee, markup, and procurement charges
Landscape designer/architect	Outdoor layout, irrigation, hardscape, planting	Separate design cost from installation cost

Get written proposals from design professionals who have experience with the project’s jurisdiction and site type. Compare scope, revision limits, engineering coordination, permit support, and reimbursable expenses—not just the headline fee.

Construction Costs Breakdown

A useful construction budget breaks the house into major systems instead of multiplying square footage by one number. Current Arizona consumer-cost data shows large ranges even within the same phase, which is why line-item bids are more reliable than a single statewide average.

For national context, the National Association of Home Builders’ 2024 Cost of Construction Survey found that construction represented 64.4% of the average new-home sales price, while the finished lot represented 13.7%. That is another reason to distinguish the cost of the house itself from the all-in cost of the completed property.

Foundation And Framing

The foundation and framing are critical stages in constructing a new home. They set the stage for the stability and shape of the building. Here’s what you need to know:

Construction Phase	2026 Arizona Planning Range	Main Cost Drivers
Foundation	$25,000-$60,000	Footprint, excavation, soil conditions, engineering, slab/footing design
Framing	$35,000-$75,000	House size, lumber prices, wall height, spans, roof complexity

These ranges come from HomeGuide’s 2026 Arizona guide and include labor and materials in its methodology. Your builder’s scope may differ, so compare inclusions before using the figures in a financing plan.

Materials And Features

Material and finish selections can move the budget quickly. Price the large categories—roofing, exterior finish, electrical, plumbing, HVAC, insulation, cabinets, flooring, tile, fixtures, and appliances—before treating the remaining money as available for upgrades.

• Roof: about $10,000-$25,000+ in current Arizona planning data, depending on size and material.
• Siding/exterior finish: about $12,000-$45,000, with stucco, masonry, fiber cement, and design details changing the total.
• Electrical: about $12,000-$20,000+ for a new home, with service size, lighting, EV charging, solar preparation, and smart-home wiring affecting scope.
• Plumbing: about $12,000-$25,000, depending on fixture count, layout, and equipment.
• HVAC: about $8,000-$18,000+, with equipment efficiency, zoning, duct design, and cooling load affecting cost.
• Insulation and drywall: about $12,000-$40,000.
• Interior finishes and fixtures: roughly $75,000-$250,000+; this is one of the widest ranges because cabinets, flooring, tile, countertops, lighting, and plumbing fixtures can move from builder-grade to luxury quickly.
• Appliances: about $3,100-$7,700 for common packages in the same cost guide, with premium brands costing much more.

Use allowances only when the allowance amount and covered items are written into the contract. A low allowance can make the original quote look cheaper, then create large change orders when you select actual finishes.

Labor Costs to Build a House in Arizona

Labor is embedded in most builder and subcontractor bids, so hourly rates are most useful as a reasonableness check rather than a way to price the entire house. The cost changes with trade availability, project complexity, travel distance, and whether the builder’s general-contractor fee is already included.

Skilled Tradespeople

Common skilled trades include electricians, plumbers, carpenters and framers, roofers, HVAC installers, drywall crews, painters, and flooring installers. Current Arizona planning ranges for labor vary significantly by trade.

• Electricians: They take care of all the wiring.
• Plumbers: They handle pipes and bathrooms.
• Carpenters and framers: They build wall, floor, roof, and finish components from wood and engineered materials.

HomeGuide’s 2026 Arizona data lists typical labor ranges of roughly $50-$130 per hour for electricians, $75-$150 for plumbers, $30-$100 for carpenters/framing contractors, and $75-$150 for HVAC installers. These are broad market ranges, not a substitute for a subcontractor quote.

Project Management

On many residential builds, the general contractor or builder performs the project-management role: scheduling trades, coordinating inspections, ordering materials, reviewing work, and managing changes. Confirm whether this fee is already included in the quoted construction price.

Current Arizona consumer-cost data commonly places a general contractor at about 10%-20% of the construction budget, but contracts vary. Ask whether overhead, profit, supervision, insurance, temporary facilities, cleanup, and permit coordination are included so you do not double-count them.

Utilities, Landscaping, and Other Site Costs

Two budget categories are often underestimated: making utilities available at the building site and finishing the exterior. Both can vary from modest to very expensive depending on how developed the parcel already is.

Utility Connections

Utility work should be priced from the exact parcel. HomeGuide’s current Arizona estimate groups utility installations or connections at roughly $9,000 to $34,500+, but remote line extensions, wells, septic systems, or difficult trenching can push costs higher.

Utility / Site Service	What to Verify Before Buying the Lot
Electricity	Distance to service, transformer or panel requirements, trenching, utility contribution, and line-extension charges
Water	Municipal tap/meter availability or well feasibility, trenching, and any development fees
Sewer / septic	Sewer availability and tap costs, or septic design, soil/percolation requirements, and installation
Gas / propane	Natural-gas availability, service-extension terms, or propane tank and piping
Internet / communications	Whether wired service reaches the parcel and the cost of extending it

Municipal charges are also separate from physical installation. As one example—not a statewide total—the City of Phoenix lists a $600 water Development Occupational Fee and $600 sewer Development Occupational Fee for a single-family residence inside the city, while other meter, impact, permit, or installation charges may still apply. Check the Phoenix fee page or the equivalent office for your jurisdiction.

Landscaping And Outdoors

Outdoor costs depend on the lot, HOA or local requirements, irrigation needs, walls, hardscape, drainage, and whether you add a pool. In Arizona, water demand and heat exposure make plant selection and irrigation design important long-term operating considerations.

• Native or climate-adapted plants: These can reduce irrigation demand once established when matched to the site and maintained correctly.
• Artificial turf: It avoids routine irrigation but still has installation, heat, cleaning, drainage, and eventual replacement considerations.
• Pools: Add the installed cost plus ongoing water, energy, chemical, cleaning, repair, and insurance considerations.

Check local and HOA requirements before installation, especially for walls, drainage changes, pools, equipment setbacks, exterior lighting, and front-yard landscape rules. A contractor can help coordinate the work, but verify required approvals with the governing jurisdiction.

Also budget separately for outdoor lighting and hardscaping. Patios, walkways, retaining or privacy walls, gates, drainage features, and exterior electrical work can be substantial add-ons even when they are not included in the base house contract.

How to Finance a New Home Build

Financing a new build is different from financing an existing house because money is typically released as construction progresses. Compare the loan structure, draw process, inspection requirements, interest treatment, conversion terms, and cash reserve requirements before choosing a lender.

Loans And Mortgages

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau describes a construction loan as usually short-term financing for building or rehabilitating a home. Funds are commonly advanced in stages as work progresses, and construction-loan rates are generally higher than longer-term purchase mortgages. Some loans can convert to permanent financing, while others require a separate mortgage application.

Before signing, ask whether the construction rate is fixed or variable, how draws are approved, what happens if the build runs late or over budget, and whether conversion to permanent financing is automatic or requires new underwriting.

Loan Structure	How It Works
Construction-only loan	Short-term financing with staged disbursements; the balance is paid off or refinanced when construction ends.
Construction-to-permanent loan	Construction financing that can convert into longer-term mortgage financing under the lender’s stated terms.
Separate permanent mortgage	A new mortgage used to replace construction financing after completion; new underwriting or closing costs may apply.

Budgeting For Unexpected Costs

Construction budgets need room for site surprises, price changes, corrections, and owner-requested upgrades. For planning, consider a 10%-15% contingency reserve unless your lender or builder requires a different amount. Keep that reserve separate from money already committed to known upgrades.

• Site preparation surprises – rockier terrain can hike costs.
• Material price variations – prices fluctuate, impacting your budget.
• Upgrades – you might decide on a pricier finish.

Protect the contingency until the project is substantially complete. Spending it early on optional upgrades leaves less room for site problems, code corrections, or unavoidable changes later.

Tips For Saving Money

The best savings usually come from reducing complexity before construction, not from cutting quality after work begins. A smaller footprint, simpler roofline, fewer structural spans, standard window sizes, disciplined finish allowances, and fewer change orders can protect the budget without creating obvious weak points.

Sustainable Building Practices

Energy and water efficiency can lower operating costs, but upgrades should be evaluated by installed price, expected savings, maintenance, and how long you expect to own the home. Prioritize the building envelope and correctly sized HVAC before optional smart-home features.

• Envelope efficiency: Better insulation, air sealing, glazing, and shading can reduce heating and cooling demand when designed and installed correctly.
• Solar: Compare installed cost, utility rates, incentives, financing, roof orientation, and expected production before assuming a payback period.
• Water-saving fixtures: Lower-flow fixtures can reduce water use, but compare performance, installed cost, and household usage.
• Material selection: Compare durability, maintenance, installed price, sourcing distance, and disposal or recycling options rather than assuming a local or recycled product is automatically cheaper.

Ask the designer and HVAC contractor to show how insulation, air sealing, glazing, shading, equipment efficiency, and solar-ready provisions affect both upfront cost and projected operating cost.

Effective Negotiation Strategies

Bid comparison works best when every contractor prices the same drawings, specifications, allowances, and exclusions. The Arizona Registrar of Contractors recommends checking the license record, reviewing references, and obtaining written estimates from at least three contractors before hiring.

1. Know the market. Understand typical costs in Arizona.
2. Get at least three written estimates for the same scope and compare exclusions line by line.
3. Discuss the maximum all-in budget before design and bidding are finalized.
4. Seek value, not just the lowest bid. Quality matters.
5. Require clear allowances, change-order pricing, payment milestones, and responsibility for permits in the contract.

Before signing, verify the contractor’s license through the Arizona Registrar of Contractors. A lower bid is not a bargain if it omits major scope, uses unrealistic allowances, or shifts required work into later change orders.

How Long Does It Take to Build a House in Arizona?

Schedule affects cost because extended construction can increase financing, temporary housing, supervision, and price-escalation exposure. Separate design and permitting from the construction period when you plan the move-in date.

From Groundbreaking To Completion

Once permits are issued and the site is ready, the build normally moves through these phases:

• Site preparation: clearing, grading, excavation, drainage work, and temporary utilities.
• Foundation: forms, reinforcement, underground work, concrete, and required inspections.
• Framing: walls, floors, roof structure, sheathing, windows, and exterior dry-in.
• Exterior enclosure: roofing, exterior finish, flashing, weather barriers, and exterior doors.
• Rough mechanicals and insulation: electrical, plumbing, HVAC, low-voltage work, air sealing, and insulation.
• Interior finishes and closeout: drywall, cabinets, tile, flooring, paint, fixtures, appliances, final inspections, punch list, and certificate of occupancy where required.

As a current planning benchmark, HomeGuide estimates 6-12+ months to build a house in Arizona not including design and permitting. The U.S. Census Bureau separately tracks authorization-to-start and start-to-completion timing, reinforcing why those phases should not be collapsed into one number. Your builder should provide a project-specific baseline schedule tied to the plans and procurement lead times.

Delays And Extensions

Common schedule risks include:

• Weather: Rain or extreme temperatures can push back timelines.
• Permits and Approvals: Paperwork may take longer than expected.
• Long-lead materials: Windows, electrical gear, HVAC equipment, specialty finishes, or custom items can hold up dependent work.
• Labor availability: Trade scheduling conflicts or rework can move critical-path activities.
• Design changes: Owner changes can require repricing, revised drawings, new materials, or additional approvals.

Do not assume a fixed one- or two-month delay allowance will cover every project. Instead, identify the items most likely to control the schedule—permit corrections, utility work, long-lead windows or equipment, inspections, and owner selections—and keep financial reserves for an extended build.

Finishes and Move-In Costs

The last phase is where allowances and owner selections can still change the final bill. Track remaining finish selections, change orders, punch-list items, final inspections, utility activation, and any certificate-of-occupancy requirements before scheduling the move.

Interior Design

Interior finishes are a major variable in a custom build. Keep each selection within the contract allowance and price upgrades before approving them. The most common late-stage budget movers include:

• Paint: Product grade, preparation level, number of colors, specialty finishes, and trim scope change the cost.
• Flooring: Material price, substrate preparation, pattern, transitions, stairs, and installation method affect the installed total.
• Light fixtures: Fixture price, quantity, ceiling height, controls, and any required electrical changes can move the allowance quickly.

If you use an interior designer, confirm whether procurement markups, freight, storage, installation, and returns are included in the design fee or billed separately.

Move-in Essentials

Before move-in, separate construction completion from household setup. Check these items in advance:

1. Appliances: The refrigerator, washer, and dryer are crucial for day-to-day activities.
2. Furniture: Select pieces that offer comfort and function.
3. Utilities: Set up your water, electricity, internet, and more before moving in.

Also budget for window coverings, moving costs, security or networking equipment, utility deposits, and any furniture not included in the construction contract.

Warranty and Long-Term Cost Considerations

The contract should define what happens after substantial completion, not just what happens during construction. Review warranty terms, punch-list procedures, final payment conditions, lien releases, manuals, and contact information for post-construction service before closing out the project.

Warranty And Post-construction Support

Ask the builder to provide the written warranty before contract signing. Confirm coverage periods, exclusions, the process for submitting a claim, response expectations, and whether manufacturer warranties for HVAC, appliances, roofing, windows, and other systems must be registered separately.

Long-term Value Considerations

No design choice can guarantee appreciation. For long-term value, focus on durable systems, energy performance, water efficiency, practical floor plans, maintainable materials, and a total project cost that is reasonable for the local market. Compare the planned all-in cost with recent completed-home sales before committing to expensive upgrades.

How to Get an Arizona Build Quote You Can Trust

A useful quote should show enough detail to reveal what is missing. Ask at least three properly licensed contractors to price the same plans and specifications, then compare the following items line by line:

• Scope: exactly what work, materials, equipment, and cleanup are included.
• Allowances: the dollar amount for cabinets, flooring, tile, fixtures, appliances, landscaping, and other selections.
• Exclusions: land, design fees, engineering, utility extensions, permit/impact fees, landscaping, pools, walls, window coverings, and other items not in the base price.
• Payment schedule: deposits, draw milestones, retainage if any, and documentation required before payment.
• Change orders: markup, approval process, and schedule impact before changed work begins.
• Schedule and warranty: target duration, delay terms, punch-list process, and written warranty coverage.

The Arizona Registrar of Contractors recommends checking the contractor’s license record, reviewing references, and getting written estimates from at least three contractors.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Cost to Build a House in Arizona

How Much Does It Cost Per Square Foot to Build a House in Arizona in 2026?

A practical 2026 planning range is about $200-$300 per square foot for builder-grade construction and $300-$550+ per square foot for custom construction, excluding land and major site preparation. Treat these as budgeting ranges because the scope included in a per-square-foot figure varies by builder and source.

How Much Does It Cost To Build A 2,000 Square Foot House In Arizona?

Using current Arizona planning data, a 2,000-square-foot home is roughly $400,000-$600,000 for builder-grade construction or $600,000-$1.1 million for custom construction before land and major site preparation. A difficult lot, premium finishes, utility extensions, or complex architecture can push the all-in project higher.

Does the Cost Per Square Foot Include Land?

Usually not in the ranges used in this guide. Land, site preparation, grading, utility extensions, design and engineering, permits or impact fees, landscaping, financing costs, and contingency should be checked separately. Always ask a builder for a written list of inclusions and exclusions before comparing per-square-foot prices.

How Much Are Building Permits for a New House in Arizona?

There is no single statewide permit price. Fees depend on the city or county, project valuation, plan-review scope, grading or drainage needs, utility work, and whether infrastructure impact fees apply. Use the current fee schedule for the exact jurisdiction and parcel rather than a generic Arizona allowance.

How Long Does It Take to Build a House in Arizona?

A current planning benchmark is about 6-12+ months for construction, not including design and permitting. Custom architecture, permit corrections, utility extensions, long-lead materials, inspections, weather, labor availability, and owner changes can extend the schedule.

Is It Cheaper to Build or Buy a Home in Arizona?

Buying an existing home is often cheaper upfront, but the answer depends on location and specifications. The Common Sense Institute reported an average Arizona home price of about $420,906 using February 2026 data, while the 2,000-square-foot builder-grade construction range used in this guide starts around $400,000 before land and major site preparation. Compare current resale homes against a complete build budget for the exact area before deciding. See the 2026 Arizona housing update.

Is $50,000 Enough To Build A House In Arizona?

For a conventional site-built detached house, $50,000 is far below the current construction ranges used in this guide. It may cover only part of the project, such as plans, site work, a portion of the structure, or certain very small or alternative housing approaches. Verify zoning, utility, foundation, installation, and permit requirements before assuming a low advertised shell or kit price is an all-in home cost.

Conclusion

For 2026 planning, start with roughly $200-$300 per square foot for builder-grade construction or $300-$550+ per square foot for custom construction, then add land, site preparation, utilities, design and engineering, permits and impact fees, exterior work, financing costs, and contingency. For a 2,000-square-foot home, the construction-only planning range is roughly $400,000-$600,000 builder-grade or $600,000-$1.1 million custom before land and major site work. Your next step is to price the exact parcel: confirm utility availability and local fees, then obtain at least three detailed bids from properly licensed Arizona contractors using the same plans and specifications.